explain i2c protocol in detail

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⚹ The I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) protocol is a serial communication protocol that enables multiple chips to communicate with each other over a short distance within a device ⚹ ∻I2C Protocol Details∻ ‖ ▪ ⋮ Overview: I2C is a multi-master, multi-slave, packet-switched, single-ended, serial communication bus ⚹ ‖ ‖ ▪ ⋮ Inventor: It was invented by Philips Semiconductor (now NXP Semiconductors) in the early 1980s ⚹ ‖ ‖ ▪ ⋮ Components: It consists of two bidirectional lines, a Serial Data Line (SDA) and a Serial Clock Line (SCL), pulled up with resistors ⚹ ‖ ‖ ▪ ⋮ Masters and Slaves: Multiple masters and slaves can be connected to these lines. Each device is recognized by a unique address ⚹ ‖ ‖ ▪ ⋮ Data Transfer: Data is transferred in sequences of 8 bits. Each byte is followed by an Acknowledgment bit (ACK) ⚹ ‖ ‖ ▪ ⋮ Start and Stop Conditions: Communication is initiated with a start condition (S) and terminated with a stop condition (P) ⚹ ‖ ‖ ▪ ⋮ Clock Stretching: Slaves can slow down the communication by holding the clock line low, a feature known as clock stretching ⚹ ‖ ‖ ▪ ⋮ Arbitration: If two masters simultaneously initiate communication, an arbitration process ensures that only one is allowed to continue ⚹ ‖ ‖ ▪ ⋮ Speed Modes: Standard mode (100 kbit/s), Fast mode (400 kbit/s), Fast mode plus (1 Mbit/s), and High-speed mode (3.4 Mbit/s) ⚹ ‖ ‖ ▪ ⋮ Addressing: 7-bit addressing allows for 128 devices, while 10-bit addressing can extend this to 1024 devices ⚹ ‖ ⚹ This is a high-level overview of the I2C protocol, which is widely used for connecting peripherals to processors and microcontrollers in embedded systems ⚹

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