How is ATP produced from substrate-level phosphorylation? Compare this process with oxidative phosphorylation.

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∻Answer∻ ⚹ ATP is produced from substrate-level phosphorylation by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate to ADP, resulting in ATP. This process differs from oxidative phosphorylation, which involves the transfer of electrons through a series of membrane proteins to generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. ⚹ ∻Solution∻ ‖ a ⋮ Substrate-level phosphorylation: This occurs when a phosphate group is directly transferred from a phosphorylated intermediate to ADP, forming ATP. Examples include reactions in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. ‖ ‖ b ⋮ Oxidative phosphorylation: This involves the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Electrons are transferred through a series of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane, pumping protons and creating a gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). ‖ ∻Key Concept∻ ⚹ Substrate-level vs. oxidative phosphorylation ⚹ ∻Explanation∻ ⚹ Substrate-level phosphorylation directly forms ATP from ADP and a phosphorylated substrate, while oxidative phosphorylation uses an electrochemical gradient to power ATP synthesis. ⚹◊How does the production of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation differ from that of oxidative phosphorylation in terms of energy yield per molecule of glucose⍭ Generate me a similar question◊

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