Explain and give examples of antibiotic resistance by Metabolic bypass and Increased antibiotic efflux.

Question

Accepted Answer

∻Answer∻ ⚹ Antibiotic resistance by metabolic bypass and increased antibiotic efflux ⚹ ∻Solution∻ ‖ a ⋮ Metabolic Bypass: This mechanism involves bacteria developing alternative metabolic pathways to bypass the biochemical steps that are targeted by antibiotics. For example, some bacteria can bypass the folic acid synthesis pathway targeted by sulfonamides by acquiring genes that allow them to use preformed folic acid from the environment. ‖‖ b ⋮ Increased Antibiotic Efflux: This mechanism involves bacteria using efflux pumps to actively transport antibiotics out of the cell, reducing the intracellular concentration of the drug to sub-lethal levels. An example is the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump in Escherichia coli, which can expel a wide range of antibiotics, including tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. ‖ ∻Key Concept∻ ⚹ Metabolic Bypass ⚹ ∻Explanation∻ ⚹ Bacteria develop alternative pathways to circumvent the metabolic steps targeted by antibiotics, allowing them to survive despite the presence of the drug. ⚹ ∻Key Concept∻ ⚹ Increased Antibiotic Efflux ⚹ ∻Explanation∻ ⚹ Bacteria use efflux pumps to remove antibiotics from their cells, thereby lowering the drug concentration inside the cell and avoiding its lethal effects. ⚹◊How do mutations in bacterial cells contribute to antibiotic resistance through metabolic bypass and increased antibiotic efflux mechanisms?⍭ Generate me a similar question◊

Sia